numbers

=Numbers= Number data types store numeric values. They are immutable data types, which means that changing the value of a number data type results in a newly allocated object. Number objects are created when you assign a value to them. For example: code var1 = 1 var2 = 10 code || You can also delete the reference to a number object by using the **del** statement. The syntax of the del statement is: code del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]] code || You can delete a single object or multiple objects by using the del statement. For example: code del var del var_a, var_b code || Python supports four different numerical types: > > > >
 *  **int (signed integers)**: often called just integers or ints, are positive or negative whole numbers with no decimal point.
 *  **long (long integers )**: or longs, are integers of unlimited size, written like integers and followed by an uppercase or lowercase L.
 *  **float (floating point real values)** : or floats, represent real numbers and are written with a decimal point dividing the integer and fractional parts. Floats may also be in scientific notation, with E or e indicating the power of 10 (2.5e2 = 2.5 x 102 = 250).
 *  **complex (complex numbers)** : are of the form a + bJ, where a and b are floats and J (or j) represents the square root of -1 (which is an imaginary number). a is the real part of the number, and b is the imaginary part. Complex numbers are not used much in Python programming.

Examples:
Here are some examples of numbers: > > = Number Type Conversion: = Python converts numbers internally in an expression containing mixed types to a common type for evaluation. But sometimes, you'll need to coerce a number explicitly from one type to another to satisfy the requirements of an operator or function parameter. > > > > > = Built-in Number Functions: =
 * ~ int ||~ long ||~ float ||~ complex ||
 * 10 || 51924361L || 0.0 || 3.14j ||
 * 100 || -0x19323L || 15.20 || 45.j ||
 * -786 || 0122L || -21.9 || 9.322e-36j ||
 * 080 || 0xDEFABCECBDAECBFBAEl || 32.3+e18 || .876j ||
 * -0490 || 535633629843L || -90. || -.6545+0J ||
 * -0x260 || -052318172735L || -32.54e100 || 3e+26J ||
 * 0x69 || -4721885298529L || 70.2-E12 || 4.53e-7j ||
 *  Python allows you to use a lowercase L with long, but it is recommended that you use only an uppercase L to avoid confusion with the number 1. Python displays long integers with an uppercase L.
 *  A complex number consists of an ordered pair of real floatingpoint numbers denoted by a + bj, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part of the complex number.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> Type **int(x)**to convert x to a plain integer.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> Type **long(x)** to convert x to a long integer.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> Type **float(x)** to convert x to a floating-point number.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> Type **complex(x)** to convert x to a complex number with real part x and imaginary part zero.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;"> Type **complex(x, y)** to convert x and y to a complex number with real part x and imaginary part y. x and y are numeric expressions

Mathematical Functions:
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Python includes following functions that perform mathematical calculations.
 * ~ Function ||~ Returns ( description ) ||
 * [|abs(x)] || The absolute value of x: the (positive) distance between x and zero. ||
 * [|ceil(x)] || The ceiling of x: the smallest integer not less than x ||
 * [|cmp(x, y)] || -1 if x < y, 0 if x == y, or 1 if x > y ||
 * [|exp(x)] || The exponential of x: ex ||
 * [|fabs(x)] || The absolute value of x. ||
 * [|floor(x)] || The floor of x: the largest integer not greater than x ||
 * [|log(x)] || The natural logarithm of x, for x> 0 ||
 * [|log10(x)] || The base-10 logarithm of x for x> 0 . ||
 * [|max(x1, x2,...)] || The largest of its arguments: the value closest to positive infinity ||
 * [|min(x1, x2,...)] || The smallest of its arguments: the value closest to negative infinity ||
 * [|modf(x)] || The fractional and integer parts of x in a two-item tuple. Both parts have the same sign as x. The integer part is returned as a float. ||
 * [|pow(x, y)] || The value of x**y. ||
 * [|round(x [,n)]] || **x** rounded to n digits from the decimal point. Python rounds away from zero as a tie-breaker: round(0.5) is 1.0 and round(-0.5) is -1.0. ||
 * [|sqrt(x)] || The square root of x for x > 0 ||

Random Number Functions:
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Random numbers are used for games, simulations, testing, security, and privacy applications. Python includes following functions that are commonly used.
 * ~ Function ||~ Returns ( description ) ||
 * [|choice(seq)] || A random item from a list, tuple, or string. ||
 * [|randrange ([start, stop [,step])]] || A randomly selected element from range(start, stop, step) ||
 * [|random] || A random float r, such that 0 is less than or equal to r and r is less than 1 ||
 * [|seed([x)]] || Sets the integer starting value used in generating random numbers. Call this function before calling any other random module function. Returns None. ||
 * [|shuffle(lst)] || Randomizes the items of a list in place. Returns None. ||
 * [|uniform(x, y)] || A random float r, such that x is less than or equal to r and r is less than y ||

Trigonometric Functions:
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">Python includes following functions that perform trigonometric calculations. = Mathematical Constants: = <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: justify;">The module also defines two mathematical constants:
 * ~ Function ||~ Description ||
 * [|acos(x)] || Return the arc cosine of x, in radians. ||
 * [|asin(x)] || Return the arc sine of x, in radians. ||
 * [|atan(x)] || Return the arc tangent of x, in radians. ||
 * [|atan2(y, x)] || Return atan(y / x), in radians. ||
 * [|cos(x)] || Return the cosine of x radians. ||
 * [|hypot(x, y)] || Return the Euclidean norm, sqrt(x*x + y*y). ||
 * [|sin(x)] || Return the sine of x radians. ||
 * [|tan(x)] || Return the tangent of x radians. ||
 * [|degrees(x)] || Converts angle x from radians to degrees. ||
 * [|radians(x)] || Converts angle x from degrees to radians. ||
 * ~ Constant ||~ Description ||
 * pi || The mathematical constant pi. ||
 * e || The mathematical constant e. ||